Truth Magazine

By Ron Halbrook

Bible history and the subsequent history of man eloquently warn us of the danger of inconsistency between our professed faith and our actual practice. We speak not here of the problem of occasional sin, from which a growing Christian turns (1 Jn. 1:5-2:2), but of persistence in a course of compromise. As we survey examples from the Bible and later history, especially the case of Guy N. Woods, may we study with sorrow and with prayer-“considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted” (Gal. 6:1).

Bible Warnings of This Danger

When Israel saw the destruction of Egypt’s army in the Red Sea, where they had just walked on dry land, they sang praises to the God of all power. Exalting His authority, they sang, “The Lord shall reign for ever and ever” (Ex. 15:18). Sad to say, they were inconsistent with this great principle when they murmured about God’s provisions in the days which followed. When Moses reported the laws and statutes of God to Israel at Mt. Sinai, the people answered in unison, “All the words which the Lord hath said will we do” (Ex. 24:3). They were reminded of this commitment later because they were not consistent in applying it. Once Joshua challenged Israel to choose whom they would serve and they responded, “God forbid that we should forsake the Lord, to serve other gods . . . therefore will we also serve the Lord, for he is our God” (Josh. 24:14-18). Their actions often belied their profession of faith in God.

When found to be inconsistent with our principles, we must correct our course. Or, we can multiply inconsistencies until we must resolve the tension by changing our principles. We can blind ourselves to this shift in loyalty. King Saul told Samuel, “Yea, I have obeyed the voice of the Lord, and have gone the way which the Lord sent me, and have brought Agag the king of Amalek, and have utterly destroyed the Amalekites” (1 Kgs. 15:20). Here Saul three times professes his loyalty to truth, but is blind to the inconsistency stated in the same breath. He could not see that his character and principles had changed, but God rejected him for rejecting His Word.

Paul said that many of the Jews professed loyalty to the law and taught it to others, but were “inexcusable” for violating their own principles (Rom. 2:1-4,17-23). “Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself?” It is uncomfortable to have such inconsistencies pointed out because it reminds us of the need to correct our course or to change our principles. We may wish to do neither.

Campbell Chided by Creath

In discussing the work and organization of New Testament churches, a preacher named Alexander Campbell (1788-1866), observed:

They knew nothing of the hobbies of modern times. In their church capacity alone they moved. . .. They dare not transfer to a missionary society, or Bible society, or education society, a cent or a prayer lest in so doing they should rob the church of its glory, and exalt the inventions of men above the wisdom of God. In their church capacity alone they moved (Christian Baptist [reprint ed. of 1827; reprinted 1955 by Gospel Advocate Co.], 3 Aug. 1823, pp. 14-15).

An individual church or congregation of Christ’s disciples is the only ecclesiastical body recognized in the New Testament (C.B., 5 July 1824, p. 224).

During the Christian Baptist days (1823-30), Campbell clearly taught the Bible pattern of church organization. When God revealed the all sufficient organization for a local church to do its own work, He excluded the idea of churches building up and supporting human institutions. Professing to hold those same views, Campbell consented to be designated the first President of the American Christian Missionary Society formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1849, though he did not attend the meeting. Did he change his views on church involvement with human institutions? Or were his professed principles and practical application inconsistent?

Jacob Creath, Jr. (1799-1886) chided Campbell for now “advocating conventions as zealously as you then opposed them. ” Creath argued,

If you are right now, you were wrong then. If you were right in the Christian Baptist, you are wrong now. If you were right in the Christian Baptist, we are right now, in opposing conventions. We follow the first lessons you gave us on this subject (Millennial Harbinger, Nov. 1850, p. 637).

Campbell never corrected his course, but stiffened and persisted in his inconsistency, claiming that in his earlier days he only meant to warn of certain abuses of extra-congregational organizations. The language of those days cannot fairly bear such an interpretation. He simply blinded himself rather than admit the shift he had made.

“The Tendency Toward Institutionalism”

In a 1939 speech at Abilene Christian College on “Christianity in a Changing World,” Guy N. Woods warned against dangers facing the church. He began,

1. The tendency toward institutionalism. The ship of Zion has floundered more than once on the sandbar of institutionalism. The tendency to organize is a characteristic of the age. On the theory that the end justifies the means, brethren have not scrupled to form organizations in the church to do work the church itself was designed to do. All such organizations usurp the work of the church, and are unnecessary and sinful.

This writer has ever been unable to appreciate the logic of those who affect to see grave danger in Missionary Societies, but scruple not to form a similar organization for the purpose of caring for orphans and teaching young men to be gospel preachers.

Woods added that all benevolent “work should be done by and through the church, with the leaders having the oversight thereof, and not through boards and conclaves unknown to the New Testament.” This principle is clearly stated and is impregnable. It was commonly stated by brethren far and wide in that era, but an inconsistency in application was slowly developing.

Some brethren east of the Mississippi River (as was the Gospel Advocate) permitted churches to donate to benevolent organizations whose board of directors was chosen from several churches. The Tennessee Orphan Home in Columbia was such an institution. Some brethren west of the River (as was the Firm Foundation) protested such boards as unknown to the New Testament, but permitted a local eldership to constitute itself as a board of directors to conduct benevolent institutions on behalf of many churches. The Tipton Orphan’s Home of Tipton, Oklahoma was such an organization. Woods in his 1939 speech commended the Tipton arrangement but protested “against any other method or arrangment for accomplishing the work” (all quotations from A. C.C. Bible Lectures, 1939, pp. 42-49). Other brethren around the country protested both of these programs as inconsistent with the principle that each church was a sufficient organization to, conduct its own work.

The Tennessee plan represents “boards and conclaves unknown to the New Testament” and the Tipton plan transforms local elderships into brotherhood-wide “boards and conclaves unknown to the New Testament.” The two plans stand or fall together. Both fall if we rely on the Bible pattern as all-sufficient and if we reject all “boards and conclaves unknown to the New Testament. ” In time Woods resolved his inconsistency not by rejecting both of the institutional plans but by defending both plans in debates held during the 1950s. Though claiming no compromise of God’s all-sufficient pattern, Woods in shifting his ground has continued to swallow more and more institutionalism, liberalism, and apostasy.

Church Support of Societies and Colleges Parallel

In 1941 The Gospel Advocate Co. published Contending for the Faith, a compilation of articles from the Gospel Advocate and other material by G.C. Brewer (1884-1956). A series of nine articles from the Advocate (10 Aug.-12 Oct. 1933) are included in the book under the heading “About Organizations: Christian Colleges, Orphan Homes, and Missionary Societies” (pp. 199-238). The plea that the society is an agent of the churches was denied. Brewer rejected church support of the societies because the society “is over the churches-controls them” (p. 235). But he defended the church financially supporting orphanages and schools, whether as the work of a single church or “a number of congregations” (pp. 210-212). Churches of Christ can build, own, and operate schools “in a cooperative educational effort” (p. 234).

On the one hand, Brewer said “would to God we could get the vision” of churches giving enough money to colleges to build, equip, and endow them so that “the work would go gloriously on” without additional church funds (p. 232). On the other hand, he believed that either a single church or many churches could sustain on a regular basis human institutions such as schools and orphanages:

The faculty and trustees of an orphan home, or a school owned and operated by a single congregation, form an organization that is not of the church. Again it is only the workers doing their work. Then, if we should have schools and orphanages that are built and supported by gifts from hundreds of churches, the trustees and the faculties of these institutions would form an organization that is not the churches, but those who compose the organization would be agents or employees of the churches (p. 234).

A 33-year-old preacher named Guy N. Woods recognized that the veteran Brewer was making the same arguments commonly made to defend missionary societies. The human institution is not the agent of the churches which support it with their donations, but is an organization which has its own agents. The church is an organization with agents and may choose its own methods in evangelism, edification, or benevolence (Acts 14:23; 6:1-7). Both the church and the human institution purchase goods and services to expedite their work. The church is not authorized to make donations to human institutions which in turn act through their own agents and choose their own methods.

Woods pointed out in reviewing “Brother, Brewer’s Book” that the principle which permits churches “to support a human institution designed to educate young men for the ‘ministry… would also permit churches “to support an institution similarly organized to keep these young men in foreign fields preaching the gospel they learned in the College! In our view brethren surrender their contention against the Missionary society When they espouse such a view of the College” (Firm Foundation, 3 Feb. 1942, p. 8). There is no hint of such criticism and warning in Woods’ recent review of the same book (G.A., 2 June 1983, p. 331). What has changed? Woods’ present views violate the principles he once taught and claims still to believe.

The principle involved may be illustrated by a chart on “Divine vs Human Organization,” and what is not. (See chart on previous page.) The local church is authorized to conduct its own program of work-evangelism, edification, and benevolence (1 Tim. 3:15; Acts 2:42; 6:1-7). Elders oversee, deacons perform special service, and all saints participate (Acts 20:28; 6:1-7; Phil. 1:1). It is sinful to go beyond the bounds of God’s all-sufficient pattern (Gal. 1:8-9; 1 Cor. 1:10; 2:13; 4:6; 2 Jn. 9; Heb. 7:14).

The church is not authorized to make donations for any reason to human institutions-missionary societies, colleges, or orphanages. If it is, where is the Book, chapter, and verse: _________?? Nor is the local eldership authorized to transform itself into a board of directors to oversee some work for many churches. If it is, where is the passage ___________?? This is the difference between immersion and sprinkling, or singing and playing instruments of music in worship — one is authorized and the other is not. We can give positive divine authority for one, but not for the other. God gave the church not only its work but also a divine organization by which to accomplish its work!

But here again Woods, while claiming no change on the principle that it is wrong for churches to support colleges, has shifted his ground and found a way to endorse more institutionalism. We have already reported a personal visit of 1 March 1980 during which Woods argued that churches may donate money to the college for its Bible department — but not for secular education (Guardian of Truth, 19 Aug. 1982, pp. 481, 505-506). When he confirmed that position in a letter dated 8 April 1981, he tried to parallel the church donating to a college Bible department and the church providing gospel meetings. But the purpose of supporting a preacher in a gospel meeting either locally or far away is to convert the lost. Therefore, the parallel would be church donations to college Bible departments to train young preachers and church donations to missionary societies to sustain them in converting the lost. In fact, the same institution could function in both ways!

As Woods himself said so well when he opposed Brewer in 1942, the principle which permits churches “to support a human institution designed to educate young men for the ministry . . . would also permit churches “to support an institution similarly organized to keep these young men in foreign fields preaching the gospel they learned in College! In our view brethren surrender their contention against the Missionary society when they espouse such a view of the College.” Woods has shifted ground and surrendered truth, though he can no more see it now than Brewer could see his inconsistency then.

Guardian of Truth XXIX: 19, pp. 592-594
October 3, 1985

By Don Bassett

On September 13 Wayne Earnest passed from this life. He and his wife, Linda, were in Tampa, Florida, at the time. They had traveled there, taking their youngest son, Stephen, to enroll him as a student at Florida College. During the family’s stay in the Tampa area, Wayne was stricken with a massive heart attack. He was hospitalized immediately, and the family was informed that all vital signs were failing and there was little hope. Linda and Stephen were joined quickly by David, Wayne’s eldest son, and Cathy Osment, Linda’s sister, both from the Memphis, Tennessee area. Wayne lingered for several days as the family kept their painful vigil at his bedside. He never recovered consciousness.

At his passing arrangements were made to conduct funeral arrangements in Memphis, Wayne and Linda’s family home. On the day of the service, September 16, a host of friends and brethren from several surrounding states filled the chapel of the Memorial Park complex in that city. Among them was a large group of brothers and sisters in Christ from the East Central church in Tulsa, Oklahoma, with whom Wayne had labored some six years at the time of his passing. Scores of gospel preachers traveled great distances to pay tribute to a highly respected fellow-laborer in the gospel and to offer comfort to Linda and the boys. I was honored by the family with a request to conduct the service.

At this point I find it difficult to continue writing. The same emotions that overwhelmed me and all who were in attendance at the funeral are once again as vivid and heartrending as they were on the day of the service. The tears flow unbidden down my cheeks as they did on the day I tried to speak to the friends and family of this good man. He was only fifty years old. He was in his prime, ready to accomplish, in the years of his maturity, even more for the Lord than he had in the days of early manhood. I recall the words of one of the aged brethren from Tulsa: “We don’t even know where to begin to look for someone to replace him,” and I am made to feel anew the sense of tragedy and loss that all of us felt on that day.

Wayne was a giver. He gave himself to the Lord, to his family, to his brethren, and to his fellow man generally. He gave of his talents in his preaching, and he gave of his material goods, over and over again, to any of whose need he had knowledge. I recall a day in Bowling Green, Kentucky, when I thought my troubles were too many for me to take much time or give much help to a young man traveling through that city. I sent him from my study with nothing. About an hour later I received a phone call from Wayne explaining that a young man (the same young man) had come to him for help. Wayne said he had put the fellow up in a motel room in town (at his own expense, of course) because his house was full up-and asked if I thought there was anything I could do about feeding the man because Wayne had spent all he had! That was Wayne Earnest. I am certain I could find many brethren who would testify that Wayne was taken advantage of, occasionally. But I am equally certain that none is to be found who knows of an instance in which Wayne allowed covetousness, under the guise of caution, to withhold his hand from a neighbor. He simply did not think of himself if he felt others were in need.

As a preacher Wayne was a happy combination of congeniality and courage. On the day of the funeral I heard one preacher after another say, “Wayne was just about the best-natured fellow there ever was, but he would not back off from the truth for anybody.” And that is certainly so. He was always courteous and cheerful. Yet I have seen him work under conditions that would infuriate many of us. His delightful sense of humor seemed never to desert him, even in the most trying circumstances. But his honesty and his unequivocal commitment to God’s truth would not suffer him to compromise it. In all the places he lived and worked locally and in the numerous communities where he preached in meetings there is no question what he stood for nor his willingness to tell it.

I can scarcely write of Wayne’s relationship with his family. On the day of the funeral the depth of Linda’s love for Wayne and the respect and esteem in which he was held by his two sons was so plainly written on everything they said and did that the hearts of all in attendance were rent with grief for them. In this day of troubled homes and shaky marriages it needs to be said that Wayne set an example for all of us. To see Linda standing by the coffin, stroking Wayne’s hair, hour after hour, weeping inconsolably, was to know that she loved him with all her heart. And to see David and Stephen attending their mother’s every need while choking on their own tears was to know that Wayne was appreciated in his own home. He practiced the same gospel there that he preached in public. He was the same man in the privacy of his home that he was in the pulpit.

Wayne Earnest was a simple man who made no pretense of being a person of great importance. As Walton Weaver said, on the day of the funeral, “Wayne just did a good work wherever he went And by thus humbling himself he became the person of great importance that it was not his primary aim to become. How many mountains Wayne moved by “just doing a good work” we’ll have to wait for the judgment to know for certain. But there were many, as those whom he taught, baptized, trained and befriended testified on the day of his burial. I know all who knew Wayne and read this join with me in extending their genuine sympathy to Linda and David and Stephen.

Guardian of Truth XXIX: 19, p. 587
October 3, 1985

By Hoyt H. Houchen

Question: Can a man serve as an elder after his wife passes away?

Reply: By fulfilling the qualifications of an elder as prescribed by the Holy Spirit in 1 Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:7-9, a man has thus proved himself to oversee the local church. There is no reason that he must cease serving as an elder because he suffers the loss of his wife. He has already proven his ability to rule his family. Should any of the members of his family pass away, a man does not for that reason, become disqualified.

Not only do the Scriptures teach that for a man to qualify to serve as an elder he must be “the husband of one wife,” but they also teach that he must have children. If after he has been appointed and serves as an elder, suppose his children should be killed. This would not disqualify him to continue to serve as an elder. He has already proven himself to be qualified by the fact that he has had “children in subjection.”

His being married (the husband of one wife) and having children in subjection are qualifications which he has met to become an elder. After proving his ability to be a God-approved elder in the local flock, there is no reason that he ceases to be qualified because of family loss whether it be his wife or children, or both. Should it be argued that a man who is an elder loses his wife by death does not then have a wife, therefore would be disqualified, let us remember that there is a vast difference in having had a wife and never being married. The reason for a man having a family in order to be an elder is to prove his ability to rule his family and thus be able to “take care of the house of God.” A man could not be considered to become an elder who has no family because there would be no way to prove his ability to rule. It is a different matter with the man who is an elder and has proven this ability.

This is my conviction about the matter. In the event, however, that an elder’s wife dies and there are objections to his continuing to serve, rather than to have trouble over it, it would be best for him to cease serving. But it should be for this reason, not because his wife or some other member of his family passes away. He has the same character and the same ability that he did before he lost his wife. I see no reason, therefore, for a church to be deprived of a godly elder’s services simply because he suffers the loss of his wife or children.

Guardian of Truth XXIX: 20, p. 613
October 17, 1985

By Mike Willis

(3) The Greek words. psallo and psalmos mean to sing with mechanical instruments of music. In recent years, those who believe that Bible authority must be provided for what one practices have resorted to this argument to prove that mechanical instruments in worship are authorized. The argument is difficult for the common man to evaluate because he has no knowledge of the Greek language and no ability to find out whether or not it is true. In my reply to this argument, I will try to present information easily discernible to the English reader without becoming bogged down in Greek lexicons.

(a) If the Greek words psallo and psalmos in Ephesians 5:19 mean “to sing with mechanical instruments of music,” then one must use mechanical instruments of music in his worship to be obedient to God. The Greek word baptizo (baptize) means “to immerse in water.” One cannot obey the command to be baptized without being immersed; sprinkling and pouring are substitutes for baptism. In a similar way, if psallo and psalmos mean “to sing with mechanical instruments of music, ” one has not obeyed the command unless he sings with mechanical instruments of music. In this case, those who do not use mechanical instruments of music would not be obeying the Lord. The use of mechanical instruments of music would not be optional, but required.

(b) If psallo means “sing with instrumental music,” the early church stood in violation of the will of God because they did not use mechanical instruments of music. The church did not begin to obey the Lord’s command until the latter part of the seventh century.

Translations of the Greek Psallo

Translation	Year	Rom. 15:9	1 Cor. 14:15	Eph. 5:19	Jas. 5:13
1. German & English	1453	sing	sing	make melody	sing
2. Tyndale	1535	sing	sing	make melody	sing
3. Cramer	1540	sing	sing	make melody	sing
4. Geneva Bible	1560	sing	sing	make melody	sing
5. Rheims	1582	sing	sing	make melody	sing
6. Douay	1610	sing	sing	make melody	sing
7. King James	1611	sing	sing	make melody	sing
8. McKnight	1795	sing	sing	make melody	sing
9. Rhemish	1833	sing	sing	make melody	sing
10. Anderson	1864	sing	sing	make melody	sing
11. Bible Union	1865	sing	sing	make melody	sing
12. Ellicott	1866	sing	sing	make melody	sing
13. Tischendorf	1868	sing	sing	make melody	sing
14. Living Oracles	1873	sing	sing	make melody	sing
15. English Revised	1901	sing	sing	make melody	sing
16. American Revised	1901	sing	sing	make melody	sing
17. Revised Standard	1945	sing	sing	making melody	sing
18. Phillips	1945	sing	sing	making music	sing
19. New American Standard	1960	sing	sing	making melody	sing
20. New English	1961	sing	sing	make music	sing
21. Today’s English	1966	sing	sing	with praise	sing
22. New American	1970	sing	sing	sing praise	sing
23. New International	1973	sing	sing	make music	sing

(c) None of the standard translations have correctly understood the meaning of this word. The chart on page 2 will demonstrate what the best Greek scholars through the centuries thought the Greek word psallo means:

The Greek scholars are consistent in translating the word “sing.” The only deviation from the normal is the translations “make melody” and “making music” in Ephesians 5:19 and there the instrument on which the music is to be made is specified as the human heart, not some mechanical instrument. Hence, the Greek words do not provide authority for mechanical instruments of music in worship. (For a more detailed study of this argument, read the Boswell-Hardeman Debate published by the Guardian of Truth Foundation in Bowling Green, Kentucky.)

(4) The piano is just an aid to our worship, like a pitch pipe, song book, and song leader. Is the piano and organ only an aid or are they additions? How does one distinguish aids from additions? One could argue that putting peanut butter on the unleavened bread in the Lord’s supper would improve its taste and make worship more palatable. Would this be an aid to worship? I think most of us would agree that it is not an aid; it is an addition-an unauthorized addition. But, how do we arrive at this conclusion?

An addition is a violation of specific authority because it introduces another item of the same class. For example, the Lord specified unleavened bread and fruit of the vine to be used on the Lord’s table. The use of another kind of food on the Lord’s table is an addition. In contrast, the use of one container or many for the fruit of the vine and the use of plates to pass the unleavened bread are simply aids; they aid in distributing the elements which the Lord authorized but do not introduce unauthorized items.

In like manner, a pitch pipe, song book, shaped notes, and a leader all assist us in doing what God authorized-to sing. The introduction of another kind of music, like the introduction of another kind of food on the Lord’s table, is not an aid; it is an addition — an addition unauthorized in God’s word.

(5) Revelation 14:2 describes singing with a harp in praise to God. The book of Revelation mentions many things in heaven which are not to be practiced in the worship of the New Testament church, such as incense with prayers (Rev. 8:4) and an altar (Rev. 6:9). The figurative language of the book of Revelation draws from the symbolism of the Old Testament to convey its message. Its symbolic language is not to be understood literally or to describe what items are to be used in the worship of the New Testament church.

(6) Many members of the church of Christ sing at home with a piano. We can do many things at our homes which we would not make a part of the worship of the church. We watch TV, play baseball, listen to records, cook, sleep and many other things at our homes which have no place in the worship of the church. Many Christians who are talented in music play secular music in their homes. Such is not inconsistent.

However, some see nothing wrong with singing spiritual songs with an instrument at home but oppose the same practice at the church building. Some of us are very inconsistent in our application of the word of God. In the worship of God in song, one should not use mechanical instruments of music, whether done in one’s home or the church building. Yet, a member’s inconsistency does not provide authority for something otherwise not authorized. If every member of the church of Christ is inconsistent in his application of God’s word, that does not prove that mechanical instruments of music in worship are approved of God.

(7) I have the talent to play the piano and I want to use my talent to praise God. I suppose that the man who has a talent to grill hamburgers, play baseball, auctioneer, lift weights, perform magical tricks, tell jokes, and other things should also be given an opportunity to display his talents in the worship services. If not, why not?

These are the most frequently heard arguments to defend the use the mechanical instruments of music in the worship of the saints. None of them, when examined carefully, provide authority for the church to use mechanical instruments of music in its singing services. The arguments that have never been made in the defense of mechanical instruments of music in worship are these:

The Lord commanded us to use mechanical instruments of music in worship. The Lord recorded an example of an early church using mechanical instruments of music in its worship. This Scripture necessarily infers that the early church used mechanical instruments of music in its worship.

These arguments have never and will never be made in the defense of mechanical instruments of music in worship because there is no book, chapter, and verse in the New Testament which authorizes its use!

There is one argument which has been made in defense of mechanical instruments of music in worship which is unanswerable. That argument is: “We like it; we want it; and we are determined to have it.” When man has set his stubborn will against God’s word, all of the arguments in the world will not and cannot change his mind.

Abuses Related to Instrumental Music in Worship

The introduction of mechanical instruments of music in worship has not been without its problems. Some of the problems are small and others are large. The problems begin with the petty feuding regarding who gets to play the piano and/or organ. Feelings are hurt and ill will exists between those in the local church with the ability to play the instrument.

Another problem comes in the second and third generation. Soon the younger people begin to see that there is no difference in using a guitar, cymbals, and drum than any other instrument of music. So the younger generation moves toward a full-scale band. As their taste for music differs from the older generation, the flavor of the music begins to change from traditional hymns to contemporary gospel, southern gospel, bluegrass gospel, or even rock gospel. There is no logical place to stop. Those who only wanted a piano or organ are now finding themselves uncomfortable with rock gospel singing groups.

The same instruments which are used to “aid” the singing are soon used to “set the mood” for offering the invitation, prayer, and the observance of the Lord’s supper. Soon the worship becomes centered around the use of mechanical instruments of music.

Conclusion

As churches have moved further and further away from demanding book, chapter, and verse for what is practiced in religion, the worship changes from the praise and adoration of God to what is most palatable and pleasing to man. What worship is offered to God is offered according to what man thinks will please God rather than according to what God has revealed will please Him. Worship devised by men is substituted for divinely revealed worship.

We encourage you to go back to the simple worship which God has revealed in the Bible that man should bring to God. We oppose the departure from this worship in any form, whether it be by using incense, burning candles, praying to Mary, or using mechanical instruments of music. Will you join hands with us in calling on men and women to go back to the Bible and offer to God the worship which He has revealed that we should offer?

Guardian of Truth XXIX: 20, pp. 610, 631-632
October 17, 1985