Truth Magazine

By Larry Ray Hafley

A few months ago I wrote some articles on what it does and does not mean to preach the cross of Christ. I cited New Testament examples of what it does mean and several current examples of confusion on the subject. I included a reference to some things another brother published in another paper as one example of a dangerous trend which has been developing. Lest someone think I am overemphasizing the person and the paper involved, I forbear at this time to repeat the specific reference since it is already available for anyone to look up. The brother in question has provided some feedback on what he intended to convey in his article. Both he and I have now written on what it means to preach the cross of Christ (see my series, “The Preaching of the Cross” (1-4), Guardian of Truth, May 21 -July 2, 1992). While we may disagree about some things in his article, judging from his feedback about the message he intended to convey, it seems to me we may agree on some fundamental principles involved in preaching the cross of Christ.

If we do agree, this article may preclude an impasse or a stalemate which would otherwise necessitate an open exchange of opposite views. If we do not agree on these fundamental principles, the brother in question may feel an exchange of opposing views is necessary. Since he says his only desire is to encourage balance in our preaching, I will do my best to affirm some balanced principles and propositions reflected in the gospel of Christ. If this will eliminate any grounds of strife between us, I will rejoice. I write not for his sake alone but that all of us may continue to reflect on what it means to preach the cross of Christ.

This article is written from the vantage point of things upon which we agree. The brother has stated some of these things in his feedback, and others are inferred from it. I do not wish to attribute anything to him which he does not believe, but I am assuming we do agree unless he chooses to protest. In this way it may be possible to put behind us some troubling aspects of his article (which will not be rehashed here) and to move on in the Lord’s work. With that hope in mind, each point will be introduced with the simple statement, “We agree.”

1. We agree. Properly understood, all the facts, commands, and promises of the gospel center in Jesus Christ (Rom. 1:16-17). The entire gospel system is the word or message of the cross of Christ (Acts 20:20-27; 1 Cor. 1:18). The center and circumference of all genuine gospel preaching is the cross of Calvary. The echoes of the execution, the cries of the cross, resound and reverberate throughout the gospel, whether we are proclaiming the atonement or baptism and the church. All “these items derive their significance only in proper connection to the one thing of preeminent importance — the cross of Christ.”

2. We agree. Preaching the cross of Christ means preaching all the Bible says about the man Jesus Christ and the plan he gave to save the world (Mk. 16:15-16). It includes the grace of God and the obedience of faith required of men (Rom. 1:5; 16:25-26). It includes what the Bible says about baptism, the church, and godly living (Tit. 2:11-14). It includes refuting error on any and all of these things (Gal. 1:6-9). If a person preaches only the man and the historical events at Calvary, he is not truly and fully preaching Jesus Christ and him crucified as New Testament preachers did (1 Cor. 2:2; Acts 18:8). The same is true of preaching only God’s grace, only obedience, only baptism, only the church, only godly living, or only refutation of error. The writer in question does not want to be committed to either — or in these things, nor do I, but we can be united in preaching Christ and him crucified by preaching all of these things. Neither of us wishes to say that preaching any one of these themes to the exclusion of the others is properly preaching the cross of Christ, as some have said (Bill Love, C. Leonard Allen, etc.).

3. We agree. The cross of Christ is central to New Testament worship. When we preach the New Testament pattern on worship, we are preaching the cross of Christ. When we oppose every departure from that pattern, we are still upholding the cross of Christ.

4. We agree. To attempt to preach the cross as a symbol of self-sacrifice, while neglecting the person and work of Christ, is a travesty on true gospel preaching. To strive to preach the cross, stressing faith in faith itself (as an end in itself), while ignoring the life and labor of the Lord, is a travesty on true gospel preaching. To endeavor to preach the cross, emphasizing repentance, baptism, and godly living as a self-help philosophy, while forgetting the Savior’s suffering and sacrifice, is a travesty on true gospel preaching. To pretend to preach the cross, presenting the church as simply group therapy, as something unrelated to the Christ condemned on Calvary, is a travesty on true gospel preaching.

Although I have not personally witnessed brethren preaching from such a perspective or even appearing to, I want to go on record as being unalterably opposed to all such contemptible concepts. Anything drifting in that direction would represent a perversion of the true meaning of the cross of Christ. If other brethren have seen, documented, and exposed such errors, I commend them and am ready to help in any way. I have heard and read some brethren such as Bill Love and C. Leonard Allen teaching that when we preach faith, repentance, baptism, reformation, and the church, we are failing to preach Christ. I trust the brother in question joins me in identifying that reaction as a travesty also.

5. We agree. To refute denominational error as a mere academic exercise, as a mere display of human learning or logic or eloquence, as anything separate from the person, work, and words of Christ, is a travesty on gospelpreaching. Although I have not personally seen this done among our brethren, I commend anyone who documents and opposes such errors. I do know some who react to any refutation of denominational error as a failure to preach Christ, and I trust the brother in question joins me in identifying that reaction as a travesty also.

6. We agree. Paul preached nothing but Christ and him crucified to the Corinthians, including all that Paul taught in person and in his epistles to Corinth (1 Cor. 1:10-13; 4:17; 5:4; 7:17; 16: 1; 2 Thess. 2:15).

7. We agree. Paul preached the first things first at Corinth, including Christ’s death, burial, and resurrection along with the evidences of prophecy and eyewitness testimony. Along with the simple facts of the gospel, Paul preached the commands of the gospel (faith, repentance, baptism, scriptural worship, and faithful living) and the promises of the gospel (remission of sins, fellowship with God, all spiritual blessings in Christ, and the hope of resurrection and eternal life in heaven with God). See Acts 18 and all the 1 Corinthian letter, especially chapter 15. All of these things are included when we truly preach “Christ and him crucified” as Paul did (explained in more detail in my earlier series).

8. We agree. No faithful gospel preacher will fail to preach the facts of the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ simply because some denominations preach those facts. In a land filled with denominations, no faithful preacher will fail to openly oppose and refute the sins and errors of denominationalism, showing that they nullify the spiritual blessings procured at the cross, by the cross and through the cross (Eph. 2:16-18; Col. 1:21-22).

9. We agree. The gospel message has the cross at its center and includes everything God said about the church — its establishment, spiritual nature, work, worship, organization, discipline, and destiny (Isa. 2:24; Dan. 2:44; 1 Tim. 3:15; 1 Pet. 2:5; 1 Cor. 15:24).

10. We agree. Men in denominations who believe in the atonement of Christ must be pricked in the heart by learning the difference between Bible baptism and denominational baptism, and the difference between denominations and the New Testament church. To preach on such differences wherever needed is to preach the whole counsel of God on the cross of Christ. Such preaching does not relegate or consign the cross to a place of lesser importance, nor does it constitute replacing a cross-centered gospel with a church-centered gospel. All through the years, faithful gospel preachers have stressed that Christ is at the center of all things we preach and practice, and that no one can work or earn his way out of sin and into heaven.

11. We agree. Christ and the church are at times used interchangeably by the Holy Spirit in describing the spiritual realm or relationship of salvation (1 Cor. 12:12-13; Acts 8:1,3; Gal. 1:13; 1 Cor. 15:9; Acts 9:5; 2 Cor. 5:19; Eph. 2:16). Therefore when we preach what the New Testament says about the church, we preach Christ and him crucified in the New Testament sense.

12. We agree. The church is not an institutional bureaucracy standing between God and man, but properly understood in New Testament terms, it is a spiritual relationship into which men must enter. When we preach that men must enter that relationship (the church), it is equivalent to preaching that they must enter Christ himself (2 Cor. 5:19; Eph. 2:16; 1:3-23; 5:23-28). In that sense we preach Christ and the church, but we do not preach that some organizational structure or ecclesiastical hierarchy is the way of salvation.

13. We agree. The church is not our savior, but we have no savior or salvation unless we are members of the body of Christ, which is the kingdom of Christ, which is the church of Christ, the church we read about in the Bible. Who can name any one among us who preaches that the church rather than Christ is our Savior? We would be obligated to oppose that doctrine if anyone began to teach it. Among professed churches of Christ, men such as C. Leonard Allen, Rubel Shelly, Leroy Garrett, Carl Ketcherside, Cecil Hook, Charles Holt, Bill Swetmon, Richard Rodgers, Randy Mayeaux, Max Lucado, Bill Love, and a host of others have been teaching that people are being saved in Christ while continuing to be members of various denominations. While claiming to be cross-centered rather than church-centered, such men are actually enemies of the cross of Christ and we are obligated to oppose their perverted concepts of preaching Christ and him crucified. We are united in recognizing that the supposed super piety of these men is nothing but a superficial spirituality and we both repudiate such a spirit.

14. We agree. Bill Love, C. Leonard Allen, and others are wrong when they represent T. W. Brents’ book, The Plan of Salvation, as a departure from the preaching of the cross. The book is not inspired or inerrant, nor does it profess to cover everything the Bible covers on the plan of salvation, any more than the articles written by my brother and me profess to cover everything that can be said of the cross of Christ. Brents’ book is very thorough in preaching the truth and refuting error in terms of the audience he had in mind, just as could be said of Peter’s preaching in Acts 2, Stephen’s in Acts 7, and Paul’s in Acts 17. Whatever we may think of Brents’ book, we can agree that the Bible itself is the only truly comprehensive and inerrant proclamation of the cross of Christ and the whole plan of salvation.

15. We agree. Historically and currently, denominationalism, Calvinism, and sectarianism have professed to preach a cross-centered gospel but have perverted the New Testament pattern for the church and have often dismissed the importance of that pattern in the name of exalting Christ and the cross. Historically and currently, many brethren have included the pattern for the church in preaching Christ and him crucified. Men like C. Leonard Allen, Rubel Shelly, Leroy Garrett, Carl Ketcherside, Cecil Hook, Charles Holt, Bill Swetmon, Richard Rodgers, Randy Mayeaux, Max Lucado, and Bill Love regard the efforts of faithful brethren to preach Christ and his pattern for the church as out of order and out of balance. In their view such preaching eclipses Christ in favor of a church-centered religion because they see preaching Christ and preaching the church as a dichotomy rather than an interrelated, integrated whole.

This false dichotomy, this false distinction, is developed at length in Bill Love’s book, The Core Gospel, and in C. Leonard Allen’s book, The Cruciform Church. It seems clear from comparing Allen’s book to some parts of the brother’s article which I cited that the article was influenced by Allen’s thesis that to preach the pattern for the church is to drift from the central meaning of the cross, and in fact amounts to not preaching the cross. This brother has now explained that he does not mean to endorse Allen’s thesis, and that he believes preaching Christ and the church to be an interrelated whole, not a dichotomy. In that case we can be united, lay aside his earlier article, and go forward preaching Christ and him crucified in its New Testament sense.

16. We agree. We do not neglect the cross of Christ but we confirm its practical meaning when we preach in favor of godly living and in opposition to all the ungodly works of the flesh, including profanity, pornography, abortion, dancing, immodest dress, gambling, “and such like” (Gal. 5:16-26; Tit. 2:11-14; 1 Pet. 4:1-3). Admonishing people to live godly separate from the person, work, and teaching of Jesus Christ is futile and unscriptural. I have not seen our brethren doing this, but will quickly join with any faithful brother to oppose any such trend. I am aware of a growing number, even in non-institutional churches, who regard preaching against worldliness as perpetuating mere traditionalism and neglecting the cross of Christ. Inasmuch as the brother in question will join me in recognizing this growing number as “enemies of the cross of Christ,” there can be no strife between us.

17. We agree. In the interest of a balanced emphasis, we should be often reminded that the grace of God and the cross of Christ are central to the gospel. At the same time, we must guard against setting arbitrary standards for judging whether that emphasis is present. At least eleven books of the New Testament say little or nothing about the death of Christ, as is also true of entire chapters and sections of other books, but the cross undergirds it all. If the brother in question, myself, and all other brethren will keep the cross of Christ prominent in our preaching, preach all the counsel of God, and openly oppose sin and error of every kind, we can “stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel” (Phil. 1:27). Let Christ “have the preeminence in all things, . . . having made peace through the blood of his cross” (Col. 1:18-20). Let us all recognize that when anyone departs from the teaching of the covenant sealed with the blood of Christ – whether on baptism and the church, divorce and remarriage, unity and fellowship, or anything else revealed – they make themselves “enemies of the cross of Christ” (Phil. 3:18).

If on these things we are truly agreed, we agree on what it means to preach the cross of Christ, and there can be no strife between us.

(Editor’s Note: This article was sent to brother W. Frank Walton for him to read and approve before it was published. Having gone over the article, brother Walton called me and expressed his approval of its content. This expression of the areas of agreement should clarify any questions regarding the specific beliefs of both brother Hafley and brother Walton which may have arisen as a result of the article in Christianity Magazine by brother Walton or the four part series on “Jesus Keep Me Near The Cross” which appeared in Guardian of Truth.)

Guardian of Truth XXXVI: 21, pp. 652-654
November 5, 1992

By Andy Alexander

Furthering the cause of Christ should be the supreme goal of every Christian (Matt. 6:33). In order to accomplish this goal, we must follow the teaching and example of our Leader, Jesus Christ (Jn. 14:6; 1 Pet. 2:21). No one knows better how to defeat Satan and win the victory in this life than Jesus, and if we deviate from the path that he has laid out for us to follow, then we will be doomed to failure (Heb. 2:14-15; Jer. 10:23).

Jesus was a tireless worker while he sojourned on this earth and he urges us not to faint as we work in his vineyard (Jn. 9:4; Gal. 6:9). His field is vast and he needs men and women who are diligent workers to serve him (Matt. 9:3738). The servant of Christ chooses to work in his vineyard and the benefits are endless, but the enticements to quit are sometimes very strong. It takes self-discipline and support from other workers to keep up the good work.

In seeking to do a good job in the Lord’s vineyard we sometimes are tempted to slow down by Satan. These temptations can come from a variety of sources and it is good to be reminded of them from time to time so as not to lose sight of our true goal.

Satan works in many ways to thwart the cause of Christ (Eph. 6:11). He makes direct frontal assaults as well as working sneakily to accomplish his goals. One of his chief weapons is lying and/or deception. He is the master of this device, since he is the father of it (Jn. 8:44).

One of the deceiving tactics of Satan is to use the good things that God has created to further his wicked cause. He takes the sexual relationship that is good and proper in marriage and perverts it into lustful, sinful liaisons that bring heartache and untold misery. He takes the Word of God and twists passages to lead some astray (Matt. 4:6). He will stoop to nothing to destroy a soul.

One good provision that Satan has used to his advantage is the opportunity of work. God intends, in fact, commands that we work and provide for our family and others who may be in need (Eph. 4:28; 2 Thess. 3:10). However, work or rather the making of money can become an obsession that causes us to switch our allegiance from God to mammon (Matt. 6:24; 1 Tim. 6:10).

The seed that fell among thorns in the parable of the sower sprouted and grew, but the “worry of the world and the deceitfulness of riches” choked the word and it became unfruitful (Matt. 13:22). As man begins to work more and more in order to obtain money, he has to work less and less for God. Some Christians may begin to feel that as long as they give the Lord four hours a week at the services the rest of their time belongs to them. This is a false concept.

There is more to serving God than meeting three times a week. The sick and afflicted need to be cared for and the erring Christian needs to be visited and encouraged to repent and return to the fold of God (Jas. 1:27; 5:19-20). The Lord’s church is in desperate need of elders and deacons and it takes time and hard work to prepare for and carry out the work involved in these offices. Where are the men who should be serving? Too often, they are out serving mammon!

Materialism can deceptively enter our lives and choke the Word of God right out. We must be alert to this wily scheme of Satan (1 Pet. 5:8).

False teaching is a hindrance to the cause of Christ. The Judaizing teachers in the churches of Galatia were not praised by Paul for the good that they taught. Rather, they were rebuked and the Galatians were warned not to follow their false teaching (Gal. 5:10; 1:6-9). This false teaching was hindering the work of the Lord (Gal. 5:7). No amount of false teaching is good and regardless of who is doing the teaching, it is sinful and destructive to the cause of Christ!

A third hindrance to the cause is apathy. Indifference to the work of the Lord is like any other sin: it can rub off on others (Gal. 5:9; 2:13). If we meet and worship with a group of apathetic Christians, then we, just like the one who associates with evil companions, are susceptible to catching their disease (1 Cor. 15:33).

What would be the answer for one who finds himself in such a group? Our Lord gives us the answer in his message to the Laodiceans, “be zealous therefore, and repent” (Rev. 3:19). Just as apathy can infect others in a congregation, so can zeal and hard work. Remember, someone has to take the first step and if you are waiting for someone else to do it, you may be waiting for eternity.

Let us be alert to these and other hindrances to the work of the Lord. There is no better or more rewarding work that can be done. Be zealous!

Guardian of Truth XXXVI: 22, pp. 675-676
November 19, 1992

By Randy Harshbarger

Early in God’s dealings with mankind, he made a promise that pointed to the time when the Savior would come and deal a death blow to Satan, the enemy of all men. Genesis 3:15 says: “And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed: he shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.” God continued to give reminders of his intent for salvation to come to all as he told Abraham in Genesis 12:1-3: “Now Jehovah said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father’s house, unto the land that I will show thee. And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great. And be thou a blessing. And I will bless them that bless thee, and him that curseth thee will I curse. And in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed.”

In the fullness of time Christ came, finally dying on the cross. Seemingly the cross was a defeat for the Lord (the bruising of the heel) but after three days, God’s Son burst forth triumphantly, overcoming death (the bruising of the head). The grand scheme of redemption was unfolded as Christ the promised seed came and died for every man (cf. Gal. 3:6-16). Now all men could hearken to the call of the gospel leaving sin behind for a new relationship in Christ (2 Cor. 5:17). The kingdom of God was established. The prophecy of 2 Samuel 7:12-13 points to the establishment of the Messianic kingdom. “When thy days are fulfilled, and thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will set up thy seed after thee, that shall proceed out of thy bowels, and I will establish his kingdom. He shall build a house for my name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom for ever.”

Even the angels desired to know about the coming events of salvation (1 Pet. 1:10-12) but evidently could not know. The “mystery” was revealed making known the great love of God for all, as men in turn give glory to God in his church (Eph. 3:8-21).

Why is this salvation great? It is great because it was procured by the blood of Christ. 1 Peter 1:19: “but with precious blood, as of a lamb without spot, (even the blood) of Christ that raised him from the dead, and gave him glory; so that your faith and hope might be in God.” Saving man from sin Christ frees us from sin’s consequences (Rom. 6:23). The shedding of Christ’s blood must be understood in terms of Christ’s dying. Christ “tasted death” for every man (Heb. 2:9). He literally died. He literally experienced death for each one of us. He was without sin but died for our sins. Paul says: “in whom we have our redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace” (Eph. 1:7).

Salvation is great because of the horrors of hell. Jesus said: “And be not afraid of them that kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.” The righteous reap eternal life but the wicked are cast into everlasting fire (Mt. 25:46). “But for the fearful, and unbelieving, and abominable, and murderers, and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, their part shall be in the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone; which is the second death” (Rev. 21:8). Torment awaits those who do not avail themselves of the salvation that Christ provides (Rev. 20:10). The sooner we realize that we face the consequences of our sins, namely an eternal hell, the sooner we can wake up to the possibility of being part of God’s family.

Salvation is great because of the joys of heaven. You will be in heaven just as long as the lost will be in hell – for eternity. Jesus reassures us by saying: “Let not your heart be troubled: believe in God, believe also in me. In my Father’s house are many mansions; if it were not so, I would have told you; for I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I come again, and will receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also” (Jn. 14:1-3). May we work now while we can, as we seek to do the Lord’s will. The greatness of the salvation provided and offered compels us to follow the example of Christ in obedience to every command of God (Heb. 5:8-9). If Christ the Son felt compelled to obey the Father, who are we to think we do not have to obey?

Salvation is great because it is revealed to us in revelation of words we can read and understand and obey (Eph. 5:17). 2 Peter 1:19-21 says: “And we have the word of prophecy made more sure; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise in your hearts: knowing this first, that no prophecy of scripture is of private interpretation. For no prophecy ever came by the will of man: but men spake from God, being moved by the Holy Spirit.” Without this salvation we would have nothing but loss to look forward to. The loss of our soul. The loss of heaven. The loss of being with the Lord for eternity. Let us not neglect the salvation that has been brought down. The question is not: Can I afford to obey the gospel? The real question is: Can I afford not to obey the gospel? It is a great salvation. It is too great to neglect.

Guardian of Truth XXXVI: 21, p. 659
November 5, 1992

By John Shadowens

Jesus Christ, our blessed Lord, said, “. . . go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature” (Mk. 16:15). This is one very important work of the church. There are many good men who are wanting to go and preach the gospel, and there are quite a few churches who would love to have a good man working with them, but they do not have the means to support a man fully. It is getting increasingly difficult for good men to get the necessary support to go and work with these churches. I have been on both sides of the fence, needing support and working within the comfort of churches that are self-supporting. There seems to be an element of security in a self-supporting congregation as opposed to working under the uncertainty of outside support. Now, one may say, “Where is your faith? Don’t you know that God will provide for you?” Yes, I know these things, and have been provided for by God through the good brethren (Matt. 6:33). It is just that it seems to me that brethren are changing in reference to outside support. If there are godly men willing to go into these areas where other gospel preachers are not willing to go, then we need to uphold these holy hands and provide the necessary provisions for them to go (1 Tim. 2:8). Last year a good friend of mine, a gospel preacher, wanted to go and work with a group of Christians in a particular area. He tried unsuccessfully to raise the necessary support to go. In the end, he couldn’t come up with enough money to pay his obligations. It must have been that the brethren he contacted thought that particular church did not need a preacher, or that that area did not need evangelizing.

Many churches have large bank accounts. They are holding on to the money as though it belonged to them personally and not to God (Acts 5:1-11). They refuse to launch out in faith (Lk. 5:4), to help some of these good men who are willing to carry the gospel where some of us might not want to go, because the churches are not big enough for us, not self-supporting and do not have elders. These congregations are not acting like good stewards of God’s things. God does not want the church to sit on 25-30 thousand dollars because “there might be hard times heading our way.” See Matthew 25:14-30 – the parable of the talents, and 1 Corinthians 4:1-2; 1 Peter 4:10. God’s word will not return to him void (Isa. 55:11). The word will produce the results. Brethren need to turn lose of money that does not belong to them and support preachers, so the word can be spread, which is the work of the church.

On the other side of the ledger, there is the gospel preacher who wants to go to a work and is seeking support, finds it, moves to the new place. In a year or two, the brethren who were willing to help him go in the first place, now want to discontinue, because either it doesn’t look like he is making much progress, or they have forgotten him and he has been lost in the shuffle of the new budget. Churches need to make it clear that their support is for only one year, two years, etc. At least the preacher will know where and how he stands. There is nothing more discouraging than to get a letter stating that your support will be discontinued on such and such a date or be surprised to be holding your final check. The preacher then frantically starts looking to replace what he is losing, distracting him from his work. I realize that sometimes this cannot be helped by some churches, but could we not be more sensitive toward those drawing outside support? I believe that when we decide to support a man we should be aware and be prepared for the long-haul, realizing that things are not accomplished over-night. God is going to bless the congregation sending to the evangelist (Phil. 4:17). It also helps to send the preacher a note of encouragement to let him know how much you appreciate his willingness to move his family to distant places to work with a group of Christians in a certain locale. I know when I received support, it meant so much to me to receive a note of kindness (every dog loves a bone). One other thing that I want to mention is this. Please, brother treasurer, be consistent in sending the check to the preacher. Send it within the same time frame every month. He needs to know when it is coming, not be guessing when it will come or whether it is in the mail. Think about yourself. What if your employer didn’t hand out checks until he felt like writing them? Maybe they want to add on to the plant or assembly line and this is going to be costly and they called you or wrote you a note saying that your pay would be reduced by one, two or three hundred dollars per month? Could you suddenly make up the difference and keep up your obligations? Preachers are mere men whose families have needs the same as any other.

In conclusion, these are things that often go unnoticed except by those that are or have been on the other end. I believe that brethren need to be alerted to these facts.

Guardian of Truth XXXVI: 21, p. 658
November 5, 1992